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Evolution and Adaptations Lab # 6

1. Explain adaptive  radiation and how the different paper forms made by the "finches" helped or hurt that particular "finch species".

Adaptive Radiation is the relatively fast evolution  of many species from a single common ancestor. However, that happens when an organism enters a new area with lots of  ecological opportunity. "They found that different finch species can coexist if they have traits that allow them to specialize on particular resources. For example, two finch species, Geospiza fuliginosa and Geospiza fortis, vary in a key trait: beak size."

Read more: http://www.biologyreference.com/Ce-Co/Competition.html#ixzz2vUYOrX9q

     2. Fill out the following table with your groups data at the end of the natural selection experiment

     3.With the prey survival data you collect, graph survivorship over time for each "species". There will be one graph for each candy type. Make sure you give your graphs titles and label units and axes.

      4. Explain how behavioral adaptations may lead to genetic changes in a population.

 The genetic variation in a population is linked from a wide range of genes and alleles. The persistence of populations over time through changing environments depends on their capacity to adapt to change external conditions.

Cite: Understanding from this cite

1. A species that has a physical adaption that may allow its predator not to be able to eat it or find it. Explain what this behavioral adaption is.

Chameleon

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The behavioral adaptation of chameleon is capable of changing color. The color changes help the animal to camouflage itself when predators are near.

2. A species that has a physical adaption that allows it to survive in cold weather.

Bear

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 3. A species that has a physical adaptation that allows it to survive from its predators.

Cactus

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  4. An example of mutualism in nature. Explain what mutualism is in this case.

Bees

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The bees get pollen to get nectar in order to survive and flowers benefit by getting bees to pollinate and sell as well as taking genetic information from other individual plant.

5. An example of commensalism in nature. Explain how your picture represents commensalism.

Clownfish

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"Clownfish and Sea Anemones demonstrate mutualism because Anemones provide the Clown Fish with protection from predators whilst Clown fish defend the Anemones from Butterfly fish who like to eat Anemones." Info from...

6. An example of mimicry in nature. Explain what the mimicry is in this case.

Butterfly

Visual mimicry is a textbook case of natural selection because it is both intuitively understandable and has repeatedly evolved in a range of organisms: it is the ultimate example of parallel evolution. In many mimetic groups, particularly butterflies, a huge variety of colour patterns has arisen, even in closely related species. Info from...

7. One species from your country (plant animal insect etc.) that has an adaptation that lets it survive in your country. Explain.

Cactus in Haiti

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Those cactus located in northern part of Haiti (Savann dezole).  During the day capture the sun energy for photosynthesis, and at night started to fix carbon dioxide, sugar, and other carbohydrate. They protect themselves against predator.

The purpose of these graphs are to give an idea how to make different graphs in excel, and help in the future how to make a better.

Terrestrial Carbon Cycle

The carbon is in the atmosphere and human and animals body also as carbon dioxide. This plant is taking carbon from the air to make its food. the plant also used the sun light to help them  make their food. When the animal eat the fruit or the food made from the plant, the animal store the carbon inside of their body. Then the animal use the carbon to grow. Then bigger animals eat smaller one, and carbon is keeping moving one body to another.

The plant uses carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through photosynthesis, the stored carbon as the it grows release in both carbon dioxide and oxygen. Carbon release when the leaves fall and decompose to become part of the soil. Ultimately, the decomposition of the tree and animals focusing consulting all settled on the soil where they get buried in the sediment and moving to different places.

Indeed, all living things breath, and when the animals breath out some of the carbons release back to the air as carbon dioxide. In fact, when the plant or the animal die most of stored carbon goes back to the soil  some of them go back to the air, but most of them keep track in the soil.

Germination and Productivity

Introduction

In this lab the study was about the germination of seeds both in the light and in the dark. In fact, the assumption of the experiment ask question and make the hypothesis as science to know the truth of germination. Eventually, different method come up to determine the fact of this experiment, bring some result of  both germinations light and dark.

•    Question: Can plants germinate in the dark?
•   Hypothesis: Seed don't germinate in the dark
•   Treatments: Light and dark
•     Experiment control: Germination seedling in the dark

Method

1.            Get a 6*6 tra
2.       Put soil organic in each of hole
3.       Water in the soil to make it moisture
4.         Four seeds in each of the them
5.         Check after one week to see what happened

Result

Dark and light treatment

Percent germination of dark
57/144 * 100= 39.6%

percent germination of light

69/144 * 100% = 48%

 Light

Before:   Wet plants: 18.9 g.
After:      Dried plants: 10 g.
Duration: 8mn
Loss: 8.9g.
Temperature 400F

Dark
weight before dry 11.4g
weight after dry 2.0g

GPP and NPP

Calculate the GPP  of the dark treatment:

GPP= NPP + R

Then: NPP= 10g and R= 18.9g

GPP= 10g+18.9g             GPP= 28.9g

Calculate the GPP of the light treatment

GPP= NPP + R

Then: NPP= 2..g and R=11.4g

GPP= 2.0g + 11.4g         GPP= 13.4g

Comparison

The difference in appearance between the dark and light treatment plants are:  

• The dark treatment had a color yellow. No photosynthesis because that treatment was in  a dark area.
• The light treatment had a color green because that treatment was in presence of sunlight, that's why the light treatment plant reflects green by photosynthesis 

There was growth in the dark treatment plants.

The seed can germinate in the dark without receiving sunlight. It does not mean the can growth for long period. However, the seed grow in the dark are weak, and thy will never green. 

Observation of Marmot Dam at Sandy River

The interesting thing that surprised me was the date of construction of the Dam from  1930 to 2007. In my mind, I did not think the people already had the capacity to build the Dam. Basically, when you look at both sides of the river you can see the differentiation of the forest. One side is covered with conifer trees, and the other with deciduous trees. 

  

Indeed, the decision made to destroy the Dam shows that the people value the wildlife in Oregon. That's interesting, isn't it? In my perspective,  I think that it was a good decision to conserve and protect the fish species in Sandy river. As the person gave us the tour said, the fish needs space and distance to travel back and forth in the river. Good one!!

In the riparian zone of the Dam removal there is a secondary succession taking place where the trees start to grow by testing the soil to see which species will thrive. Definitely, I saw seedling Douglas firs among the species growing after the removal. Then, a part of the Marmot contains rock that we can consider as the primary succession there are not even trees in that space. This helps me understand the differentiation of the ecological succession of plants.

In the southern part of Marmot Dam the overstory forest is comprised of Douglas firs that can be considered co-dominant trees. In fact,  it is a secondary succession forest, and it is an even age forest where the establishment of the plant age class forms natural seeding. Basically, the trees compete to fight for nutrients, and to get more sun because with more sun a tree grows faster.

My focus on the soil in the southern part is really meaningful to me by observing and touching the soil. Eventually, the soil is like a sponge, that is a good thing. The more aerated the soil the better the trees grow. And then, the woody debris plays an important role in the forest to contribute the nutrient for the trees after the decomposition by fungi. 

  

What are you excited about learning in your tropical ecology class?

I am excited to learn about the diversity of Tropical Climates and  Ecosystems. Also the basic processes of Rainforest Structure and Function. It is also great because everything I learn in this class I can apply in my country. I am looking forward to learning more about deforestation, as Haiti is in the middle of a massive environmental crisis.  Up to 98% of the forests have been clear cut for the timber industry and for making charcoal. To tackle this issue, it will take help from the government, foreign investors, as well as the local people. The more I can learn about this issue, the more I hope to bring to Haiti to help solve this issue.

What is one of the main environmental issues your community experiences?

Garbage is a major issue in Cap-Haitien (northern region). The municipality does not provide a garbage facility or landfill, nor collect the waste in any systematic way. Throwing trash in the street has become habitual for residents because they grew up with this as a norm. Most of this refuse  is organic matter--which means it is compostable! Some burn the trash and the sight smell of the garbage burning affect residents physically, psychologically, and socially. Also, when it rains, the excess water flows into the river, to the sea, carrying the trash with it, causing pollution. Standing water in discarded containers provides places for mosquitoes to breed, for this reason, people suffer malaria, and the wildlife suffers too. Forty families in Cap-Haitien are the target population because I believe that is a minimum number needed to create change and benefit from it.

What things have you learned thus far to help improve the environmental conditions of your community? ( Think about all the classes you have taken, and experiences in the field)

I have learned the process of Forest Measurement how I can measure the trees and determine the age, and as well as the different uses material. Then, I have learned about Forest soil, however to determine the pH and so on. In Chemistry, the concept can help me improve  my community by preventing the different plastics uses.

Post a youtube video related to the ecology of your country (less than 5 min video

This video is about the ecological sanitation where the people got training to develop a composting program.

Post a link of a website that hos information of  the flora and fauna of your country

http://www.inaturalist.org/projects/flora-fauna-of-belle-vue-vivy-mitchel-tabarre-area-port-au-prince-haiti